高昌故城篇

　　高昌旧治月氏西，城郭萧条市肆稀。
　　遗迹尚存唐制度，居人争睹汉官仪。
　　梵宫零落留金像，神道荒凉卧石碑。
　　征马不知风土异，隔花犹自向人嘶。
　　——【明】陈诚《火洲城》
　　高昌故城篇
　　Qocho City
　　高昌故城是公元前1世纪至公元14世纪丝绸之路东天山南麓、吐鲁番盆地的第一大中心城市，先后作为高昌壁(垒)、高昌郡、高昌国国都、唐西州治所和高昌回鹘王国国都。1500多年以来，高昌城见证了中原王朝对丝绸之路开创与繁荣所起的重要推动和保障作用，见证了古代西域地区高昌国、唐西州、高昌回鹘王国的文明，展现了高昌故城在经济发展、城市建筑技术、多种宗教和各民族多元文化的交流传播。
　　Qocho City was the largest major urban center in Turpan Basin in the southern foot of the Tian-shan Mountains,dating back from the 1st century BC to the 14th century AD.Through the course of history,this region was known successively as the Qocho Garrison, Qocho Commandery,and the capital of the Kingdom of Qocho,capital of Xizhou Prefecture in the Tang Dynasty, capital of Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho.For more than 1,400 years,Qocho City witnessed the important role played by the empires in Central China of facilitating and safeguarding the extension and prosperity of the Silk Roads.The site witnesses the civilizations of the Kingdom of Qocho,Xizhou Prefecture of Tang Dynasty and the Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho in the Western Regions of ancient times.Moreover,Qocho City was in an important position in terms of the region's economic development, urban architectural skills,various religions, cultural exchanges,and the spread of multi-ethnic cultures.
　　高昌故城位于吐鲁番市东约30公里的火焰山南麓，平面呈不规则四方形，周长5.4公里，总面积约198万平方米。整座城市以夯土夯筑的高大浑厚的外城、内城和高高耸立的可汗堡构成“三重城”布局，城门命名以五行、天象为依据，与中原地区的城市表现出密切的关联性。高昌外城的护城濠、瓮城、马面，城内佛寺、民居等遗址依稀可辨，展现出高昌故城作为历代中原王朝经营西域的中心据点之一在城市文化和建筑技艺方面与中原地区的交流。从宫殿、寺院遗址出土了瓷器、钱币以及大量的佛教、景教和摩尼教壁画和经卷，真实的记录了高昌城在丝绸之路上政治、经济、贸易、文化、宗教、民族各个方面所发挥的重要作用，是高昌故城价值特征的佐证。
　　Located at the southern foot of the Flaming Mountains,30km east of the city of Turpan,the Site of Qocho City takes up a total area of about 198 hectares in the form of an irregular square with a perimeter of 5.4km.The city is composed of the outer city with high and thick walls built with rammed earth,the inner city, and towering Khan Fort.The triple-circle layout of the city shows a close correlation to cities in Central China.The names of the city gates were based on the Five Elements and astronomical phenomena.The remains of the outer city's moat,barbican entrance,Mamian(prominent abutment of the wall for defense,shaped like a horse's face),the Buddhist Temples and Residences of inner city are still discernile.There were clearly exchanges in the arena of urban culture and architectural skills between Centreal China and Qocho City as Qocho was one of the hubs for the Central China dynasties to manage the Western Regions.Demonstrating the value characteristics of the Site of Qocho City,porcelains, coins as well as a large number of Buddhists,Nestorian Christian and Manichean murals and scriptures were unearthed from palaces and monasteries.Those items accurately record the important role that Qocho City played in politics,economy,trade,culture,religion, and ethnicity on the Silk Roads.