丝绸之路起点——碑石篇

　　Stone Tablets
　　西安地区遗存或收藏的石刻主要有石雕、碑碣、墓志、造像、经幢、塔铭、石椁线刻等。碑碣遗存极为丰富，特别是自宋代以来设立碑林，名碑荟萃，举世闻名。石刻文字仅次于碑碣的是墓志。建国以来西安地区陆续出土的历代墓志达数千方，其中唐代最多。石雕除西汉时期昆明池畔的牛郎织女石刻外，主要是陵墓前神道左右的石雕。此外墓葬中常见的石椁、墓门的平雕、线刻技艺也反映出极高超的水平。造像、经幢和塔铭都是宗教石刻。北魏以来的石刻造像时有出土，成为石刻艺术中最耀眼的一枝奇葩。
　　The sculpture carvings left and preserved in Xi'an are mainly the stone carvings, stone tablets, records of mausoleum, statues, scripture buildings, tower inscription, etc. Xi'an has a rich collection of stone tablets Which is world-famous, especially the famous stone steles since Song Dynasty. Next comes the records of mausoleum. There are tens of thousands of records of mausoleum having been discovered since the foundation of PRC, among which records of Tang Dynasty account most. Among those stone statues, the most noticeable ones are the carvings of cowboy and knitting woman beside the Kunming Lake and statues besides sacread passage( the Saint Road for the God to pass )in front of the tomb. Apart from that, the stone coffins, the carvings on the tomb gate and engravings, though commonly appeared in the tombs, still reflect the high-level skills of that period. These stone statues, scripture buildings and tower inscriptions were all religion-oriented. The most remarkable ones were excavation of the stone carvings during the Later Wei Dynasty, which attracted lots of attention in the stone carving field.
　　西安碑林 Xi'an Forest of Stone Steles
　　西安碑林位于西安碑林区三学街，始建于宋哲宗赵煦元祐元年间(1086～1093)，是中国历史上保存碑石较早、荟萃碑石最丰富的地方，因碑石如林而得名。博物馆收藏了汉、魏至清各代碑志2300余件，陈列展出1000余件，其中各代名家手笔，篆、隶、草、楷诸体俱全，如唐代书法家欧阳询、虞世南、怀素、智永、李阳冰、李隆基、柳公权、颜真卿等的手笔石刻。尤其值得一提的是，《大唐三藏圣教序》是怀仁和尚集王羲之的字刻成的。《大秦景教流行中国碑》则用汉字和叙利亚文字记载了基督教聂思脱思派由中亚传入长安的情景，为研究中西交通和文化交往提供了极其罕见的资料。《开成石经》共计655025字，是中国唯一完整的石经。西安碑林现为全国重点文物保护单位。
　　Being situated at Sanxue Street, Xi'an, the Forest of Stone Steles Museum was originally built in the 1st year of emperior Zhao Xu in Song Dynasty(1086AD～1093AD).This treasure house boasts to hold the richest collection of the earliest stone steles of different periods in Chinese history, and thus comes the name ‘forest’. The Museum has displayed more than 1,000 records of stone steles among the collection of over 2,300 pieces from early Han and Wei Dynasty till Qing Dynasty. It shows different styles of calligraphies of famous calligraphers, from seal script, official script, regular script to running-hand and cursive-hand. Among them the masterpieces from Tang Dynasty like Ou Yangxun, Yu Shinan, Huai Su, Zhi Yong, Li Yangbing, Li Longji, Liu Gongquan and Yan Zhenqing are most precious ones. Another point worth mentioning is the Preface for the Three Zang Bibles of Tang Dynasty, it was engraved by Monk Huai Ren, who collected and engraved the scripts of Wang Xizhi, an authority of calligraphy. The stone tablets on how the Jin Religion being popular in China jots down how the Nostos branch of Christian were spread to Chang'an from Central Asia in both Chinese and Syria languages. This provides very rare research material for the study of cultural exchanges and communications between China and the west. The Kai Cheng Stone Scripture adds up to 655,025 words. It is the only complete and intact stone scripture in China. The Forest of Stone Steles Museum in Xi'an is an institution of cultural relics under state protection in China.
　　祖庵碑林 Zu'an Forest of Stone Steles
　　重阳宫祖庵碑林亦称“祖庵石刻”，位于西安市户县祖庵镇。收集陈列金元时期道教全真派石刻文物80余通(件)，其中以碑为最多，尤以31通巨型元碑最为著名。这些碑石记载着道教全真派的历史、教义和修炼要旨等，按内容可分为宗教历史类、书法名碑类、八思巴文类、内丹功法类四种。以《十方重阳万寿宫记碑》、《全真教祖碑》、《皇元孙真人道行碑》及《皇帝玺书碑》等为代表。集中保存元代全真教金石文献之多在全国实属罕见，为陕西省著名碑林之一。祖庵碑林现为全国重点文物保护单位。
　　The Forest of Stone Tablets of Zu'an in The Chong Yang Temple ( also called Zu An Stone Sculpture ) lies in the Zu'an Suburb of Hu Xian County of Xi'an. More than 80 stone carvings about Quan Zhen branch of Taoism during the Jin and Yuan Dynasty are preserved here. Stone steles account most among them, especially the huge Yuan Stele, which is very famous. These stone tablets jots down the history and the doctrines of the religion of Taoism. This can be divided into four categories in terms of its content: the history of its religion, the steles of calligraphy, the Ba siba Language and the pills and methods of obtaining Kong fu. The Stele of ten directions for Chong yang and Wan shou Temple, The Stele of ancestors of Quan zhen Branch, The Record Stele of Morality of Saint Sun and The Book stone tablet of royal seals of emperors are the most typical of these. Since the amount of stone cultural relics of the Quan zhen Branch of Taoism during the Yuan Dynasty is rare anywhere else in China, it also belongs to one of the famous forests of stone steles in Shaanxi province. It is also the institution of cultural relics under state preservation in China.
　　楼观碑石 Stone Tablet of Lou Guan Temple
　　楼观台位于西安市周至县城东南3公里处的秦岭北麓，是老子的讲学之地，被尊为道教的祖庭和发祥地。现存唐武德九年(公元626年)至民国30年(1941年)间的道教碑石84通，按内容可分为记事碑、经典碑、祖师道行碑、公文碑、墓碑、墓志、塔铭、题诗留言等，从不同的角度记载和反映了楼观道坛在各个历史时期的宗教活动与重大事件，保存了唐、宋、元时期许多书法大家的墨迹，是研究中国道教的珍贵石刻文献。欧阳询的隶书《大唐宗圣观记碑》、苏灵芝的行书《唐老君显见碑》以及米芾行书“第一山”最为著名。现为陕西省文物保护单位。
　　Lou Guan Temple is located in the north of Qin Ling Mountain, which is 3 kilometers from the southeast of Zhouzhi county in Xi'an City. It is the place where Lao Tze gave his lectures. And now it is respected as the origin place of the religion of Taoism. 84 stone tablets on Taoism from Wu De the 9th year of Tang Dynasty (626 AD ) to the 30th of the Republic of China ( 1941 ) have been collected here, and they can be divided into 8 categories: the record tablets, the tablets of sutras, the tablets of former ancestors virtues, the tablets of archives, the gravestone tablets, the tablets of comments for the passed, the tablets of tower inscription and the tablets of poems and messages, etc. These treasured tablets record and reflect the great religious events held in Lou Guan Temple of different periods. Lots of handwritings of great calligraphers in Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties have been preserved and serve as precious research materials for the study of Taoism. Of all these tablets, the records of Ou Yang xun The view of a Saint records the stone tablet, the running script of Su Lingshi's semi-script Tablet of spiritual appearance of Lao Tze and The first Mountain semi-script by Mi Fu are the most famous one.
　　石造像 Stone Image Statue
　　中国境内现存的佛造像数量众多，造型多姿多彩。古都西安及其周边地区在中国古代佛教兴盛之际，一直是佛教文化传播的中心区域之一，留存至今的佛造像造型各异、数量众多，堪称中国古代佛造像的写真集。以下为西安市文物保护考古所库藏石造像中的一部分。
　　Since ancient Xi'an and its surrounding areas have always been the center of Buddhism, so a large amount of stone statues of Buddha of different types have been preserved, it certainly can be Considered the Portait of the ancient Buddha. The followings is a part of these stone statues collected by Xi'an Cultural Relics' Preservation Institution.