丝绸之路起点——遗址篇
作者:西安市文物局
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Archaeological Sites
古遗址是古代人类遗留下来的城堡、村落、住室、作坊和寺庙等遗迹,其大多已经湮没在地下,少数在地上的也只是残存的高台殿基或断垣残壁。西安地区列入文物保护单位的古遗址约八十五处。这些遗址中人类活动遗存丰富,大型宫殿都城遗址密集,种类繁多,内涵丰富,历史序列完整。
石器时代和商周的遗址主要分布在渭、泾、沣、浐、灞、涝等河流沿岸。蓝田公王岭遗址的发现,将西安地区人类活动的历史提早到距今100万年左右。半坡遗址是仰韶文化的典型遗存。西周的丰镐遗址则是西安最早的全国性都城遗址。
秦汉至隋唐,西安作为全国的政治、经济和文化中心,留下了光辉灿烂的古代遗存。秦阿房宫、汉长安城、隋大兴、唐长安城遗址都是中国历史上最辉煌时期最具代表性的文化遗产。
The ancient historical sites are the fortress, small villages, houses, workshops, and temples left by the ancient mankind. Most of the historical sites were buried under the earth. The small amount remained are nearly torn down or broken. In Xi'an, there are about 85 ancient historical sites listed as the cultural relics' preservation institutions. These sites have a complete and rich record of the ancient human's activities and lots of palaces.
The historical sites of the paleolithic, neolithic and the Shang and Zhou Dynasties were distributed along the Wei, Jing, Feng, Chan, Ba and Lao Rivers. The discovery of Gong Wangling in Lan Tian proved that the human activities should be 1,000,000 years earlier from now. The Ban Po site is typical of Yang Shao Culture. The Feng Hao site of Western Zhou belongs to the earliest site of Xi'an area.
Xi'an, the center of politics, economy and cultural from as early as the Qin, Han period to Sui, Tang period, has left brilliant ancient historical sites to us. The Epang Palace, Chang'an City, Da Xing and Chang'an site are all representatives of cultural heritages of the most glorious periods in Chinese history.
蓝田猿人遗址 Archaeological Site of Ape Man in Lantian
蓝田猿人遗址位于西安城东南50公里处蓝田县陈家窝村和公王岭。1963年和1964年分别在两地发现距今50~100万年的女性头骨化石。公王岭人头骨是迄今为止中国长江以北地区发现的最早的人类化石之一,对探索人类起源具有重大意义。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The site of ape men in Lan Tian is located in Chen Jiawo village and Gong Wangling in Lan Tian County, which is 50 kilometers southeast to Xi'an. The female skull fossils, which were 500,000 to 1,000,000 years from now, were discovered in the above places in 1963 and 1964 respectively. The skull fossils in Gong Wangling was so far one of the earliest human fossils discovered in the northern bank of Chang Jiang River in China. This has played a significant role in the study of human's origins. Now it is the key national cultural relics'preservation institution.
西安半坡遗址 Ban Po Ruins
西安半坡遗址位于西安市灞桥区浐河东岸,分布面积5万平方米,属新石器时代仰韶文化遗址,距今约6000年。整个遗址由居住区、制陶作坊区和氏族公墓区组成,居住外围设有壕堑,兼作防护和排水之用。1958年,半坡村建立了中国第一座遗址博物馆——西安半坡博物馆,展出复原的房屋及各种生产、生活用具等,现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Ban Po Ruins of Xi'an locates itself in the east coast of Chan River in Ba Qiao District Xi'an City, with an overall coverage of 50,000 square meters. It belongs to the Neolithic Yang Shao culture, which is 6,000 years from today. It can be divided into three parts which is living area, tomb area and pottery-making area. Xi'an Banpo Museum, the first museum on historical sites, was built in Ban Po Village in 1958. Inside the museum, there are houses and tools by that time. Now it is the key national cultural relics'preservation institution.
姜寨遗址 Archaeological Site of Jiang Zhai
姜寨遗址位于西安市临潼区骊山北麓,面积5万平方米。整个遗址分为居住区、窑场和墓地三部分,具有仰韶和龙山两种文化特征。发掘面积1.658万平方米,是迄今中国新石器时代聚落遗址中,发掘面积最大的一处。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Jiang Zhai Ruins is located.in the north of LiShan Mountain of LinTong District in Xi'an City. Covering an area of 50,000 square meters, the ruins were divided into three parts: the living area, the stove area and the tomb area. It is characterized as both the culture of Yangshao and Long shan. With an excavation area of 16,580 square meters, it is the largest ruins in the Neolithic Period up to the present. Now it is the key national cultural relics'preservation institution.
古都长安 Ancient Capital Chang'an
古都西安是中国著名的四大古都之一,先后有周、秦、汉、唐等十三个王朝在此建都。其中,西周丰、镐二京是西安地区出现的第一个全国性古代都城;秦都咸阳与阿房宫是中国历史上第一个统一的多民族的集权国家——秦王朝的都城。汉、唐长安城不仅是中国古代历史上最大的都城,也是当时世界上最大的东方都会,是沟通东西方文明的丝绸之路的起点。
Xi'an boasts to be one of the four ancient capitals in China. All together 13 dynasties made their capitals here, such as the Zhou, Qin, Han, Tang, etc, among which the Western Zhou first made it its capital, known as Feng and Hao. Xian Yang and Epang Palace is the capital of the Qin--the first imperial country with many races as an united country. Chang'an city of Han and Tang was the largest capital in ancient China, and also the largest in the eastern world at large, it is the starting point of Silk Road which connecting the East and the West.
周丰镐遗址 Feng Hao Ruins of Zhou Dynasty
周丰镐遗址位于西安城西南12公里处的沣河两岸,属西周大型都城遗址,总面积约25平方公里,迄今已发掘出几十处西周建筑基址和数百座墓葬、车马坑,清理了多处青铜器窖藏,获得了一批珍贵青铜器和其他文物。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Feng hao ruins lies in both sides of the Feng He River, which is 12 kilometers southwest to Xi'an. Belonging to the big-scaled city ruins of Western Zhou, the total area is about 25 square kilometers. A great amount of precious bronze vessels and cultural relics have been excavated from these ruins as well as hundreds of tombs and pits for horses and carriages. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
秦阿房宫遗址 Epang Palace Archaeological Site of Qin Dynasty
秦阿房宫遗址位于西安城西三桥镇以南,总面积14.5平方公里。史载秦始皇三十五年修建,秦二世胡亥继位后继续这项巨大工程,以至秦亡,尚未全部竣工。现存秦汉时代的巨大夯土台基等遗址集中分布在龙首塬向南延伸的台地上,主要有前殿遗址、上天台遗址、磁石门遗址等。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Epang Palace lies to the south of San qiao county of Xi'an City, with a total area of 14.5 square kilometers. The historical records said the great project was initiated to build it in the 35th year of Emperor Qin Shihuang, and was continued by the second emperor Hu Hai. Unfortunately it hadn't been finished when the Qin Dynasty collapsed. Now the huge tamper soil pedestals and other ruins, such as the front palace, the pedestal ruins and the loadstone door buildings of Qin and Han are located on the masa to the south of Long Sou. Now, it is the key national culture relics' preservation institution.
汉长安城遗址 Archaeological Site of Chang'an City of Han Dynasty
汉长安城遗址位于西安城西北约5公里处的未央区,城垣内面积36.5平方公里,是西汉时期的都城遗址,东汉、新莽、西晋、前赵、前秦、后秦、西魏、北周等王朝仍在此建都,延续使用了约800年。城内主要建筑群有长乐宫、未央宫、北宫、桂宫、武库等。现存遗址主要有:城墙、未央宫前殿、椒房殿、天禄阁、石渠阁、武库、桂宫、未央宫夯台等。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Chang'an city ruins of Han is located in the Weiyang District, about 5 kilometers northwest to Xi'an. The city ruins is of Western Han with the area of 36.5 square kilometers inside the city wall,. The successive dynasties like the Eastern Han, the New Mang, the Western Jin, the Former Zhao, the Former Wei, the Former Qin, the Later Qin, the Western Wei and the Northern Zhou, still made the city as their capital, and this lasted for around 800 years. The main buildings inside the cities are: the Changle Palace, the Weiyang Palace, the North Palace, the Laurel Palace, the arsenals, etc. The existing ruins mainly are: the City wall, the Weiyang Front Hall, the Jiaofang Hall, the Tianlu Temple, the Shiqu Temple, the arsenals, the Gui Palace and the Weiyang Palace, etc. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
隋大兴、唐长安城遗址 DaXing City Ruins of Sui Dynasty Chang'an City Ruins of Tang Dynasty
隋大兴、唐长安城遗址是由郭城、皇城、宫城三大部分组成,面积84.5平方公里。全城按中轴对称的原则,由太极宫、兴庆宫、大明宫及108坊构成,规划整齐,布局严密,是中国古代里坊制封闭式城市的典型。至今保留在地面上的遗迹有安化门、明德门、西五台、天坛等遗址;另有一些重要遗迹如大明宫、青龙寺、兴庆宫、大兴善寺、大雁塔、小雁塔等已被保护、利用。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
DaXing City Ruins of Sui Dynasty Chang'an City Ruins of Tang Dynasty is constituted by three parts: the city of Guo, the royal city and the city of palace, with an area of 84.5 square kilometers. The city is constituted by the Taiji Palace, the Xing qing Palace, the Daming Palace and 108 Lanes from the central axe. Being well arranged, the city is a typical example of obdurate cities of ancient China. The sites remained are: Anhua Gate. Mingde Gate, West Five platform, and the Temple of Heaven, etc. Other important sites like the Daming palace, the Qing Long Templc, the Xing qing Palace, the Great Xingshan Palace, and the two wild goose pagodas have been preserved and protected. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
青龙寺遗址 Archaeological Site of Qing Long Temple
青龙寺遗址位于西安市雁塔区铁炉庙村,隋初建寺,初名灵感寺,唐睿宗景云二年(711)改为青龙寺,是唐长安城内传播密宗的主要寺院。公元804—806年,日本高僧空海在青龙寺拜惠果高僧为师,研习真言宗,成为日本佛教真言宗创始人,因而青龙寺被认为是日本真言宗的发源地。北宋以后寺院逐渐废弃。1982年在遗址旁修筑了“空海纪念碑”、“空海、惠果纪念堂”和一些仿唐建筑。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Qing Long Temple site is situated in Tie Lumiao Village in Yanta District of Xi'an. Being built in the early Sui Dynasty, it was first called ‘the inspiration temple’. Emperor Ruizong renamed it the Qing Long Temple in 711AD. It is the major temple for the spread of religion Mizong in Tang Dynasty. The Japanese monk, Monk Konghai has learned Zhen Yanzong from the great Monk Huiguo from the 804 to 806 AD, and thus became the founder of Zhen Yanzong of Buddism in Japan. Hence the temple is regarded as the origin of Japanese Zhenyan religion. It was once abbondened after Northern Song Dynasty. In the year1982, several buildings immitating the Tang style were built, like the Konghai Memorial Stele, the Konghai&Huiguo Memorial hall,etc. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
唐大明宫遗址 Daming Palace Archaeological Site of Tang Dynasty
唐大明宫遗址位于西安市区东北部龙首塬上,由以含元、宣政、紫宸三座大殿为中轴线的前朝政务区和以太液池、麟德殿为中心的后廷园囿居住区组成。大明宫是唐代三大宫中规模最大、最为辉煌壮丽的一座宫殿,南部呈长方形,北部呈梯形,周长7600米,面积约3.5平方公里,因位于唐长安城东北角的禁苑中,又称“东内”。现已勘查发现殿堂遗址40余处,已经发掘的有含元殿、麟德殿和三清殿。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Daming Palace, lying in the plain of Longshou, the northeast of Xi'an, is constituted by the region of government affairs of three halls: the Hanyuan, Xuanzheng and Zichen, and the living areas of back gardens centered by the Tai Ye Pool Linde hall. The Daming Palace boasts to be the largest and most magnificent palaces among the three royal palaces of Tang Dynasty. The south part of the palace is shaped like a rectangle and north part like a trapezium, with a perimeter of 7,600 meters and coverage of 3.5 square km. Lying inside the northeast corner of Forbidden Garden of Chang'an city, it is also called the ‘eastern inside’. Now over 40 sites of the former halls have been discovered, including the Hanyuan Palace, the Lingde Palace and the San Qin Palace. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
唐兴庆宫遗址 xing Qing Palace Archaeological Site of Tang Dynasty
唐兴庆宫遗址位于西安市区东南部咸宁路北侧,平面呈长方形,面积约1.35平方公里。兴庆宫是唐代三大宫殿之一,因位于西内太极宫、东内大明宫之南,又称“南内”,主要建筑有兴庆殿、南熏殿、长庆殿、大同殿、花萼相辉楼、勤政务本楼、沉香亭、龙池等。1949年后,经系统勘查发掘,将兴庆宫旧址部分辟为兴庆宫公园,重建了花萼相辉楼、勤政务本楼、沉香亭等仿唐建筑,成为西安市区一处亮丽的风景。现为省级文物保护单位。
The Xing Qing Palace ruins lies in the north side of Xian Ning Road to the southeast of Xi'an, with a shape of rectangular from the surface and an area of about 1.35 square kilometers. It is one of the three great palaces of Tang Dynasty. It is also called ‘the south inside’ for it is situated inside the west of Taiji Palace and the south of Daming Palace. Its main buildings are as the followings: the Xing Qing Palace, the South Fume Hall, the Chang Qing Hall, the Datong palace, the Calyces Building, the office building of government affairs, the Chen Xiang Pavilion and the Dragon pool. Etc. The former Xing Qing Palace is rebuilt as the Xing Qing Park since the year 1949 and these sites have become a beautiful scenery spot. Now it is the provincial cultural relics' preservation institution.
唐华清宫遗址 Archaeological Site of Hua Qing Palace of Tang Dynasty
唐华清宫遗址位于西安市临潼区骊山北麓。原名为“汤泉宫”“温泉宫”,后定名为“华清宫”。华清宫在布局上基本将会昌县城(今临潼区)、华清宫、骊山禁苑合一而成,环山列宫室,宫周筑罗城,其内汤池为华清池。1982年在此地进行考古发掘,发现九龙池和海棠汤等遗址。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Hua Qing Palace stands in the north of Li Shan Mountain in Lin Tong District of Xi'an. It was named as ‘the Spring Palace’ or ‘the Pool Palace’originally, then renamed ‘the Hua Qing Palace’ afterwards. It was built on the basis of Huichang County in structure. The Hua Qing Palace, together with the Li Shan Forbidden Garden, constitutes the palaces with mountains and city walls around. Inside the palaces lies a pool known as the Hot Spring. Apart from these palaces, the Nine Dragons Pool and the Haitang Pool were also found around this area in 1982. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institution.
华夏文明故都 丝绸之路起点/西安市文物局编著.-西安: 世界图书出版西安公司, 2005;陕西