丝绸之路起点——陵墓篇
作者:西安市文物局
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Mausoleums
西安作为中国历史上13个王朝的都城,是全国人口最密集的地方。新时器时代以来的墓葬数量很多,帝王陵墓和皇戚贵族、将相名人的墓冢尤为突出。有中外瞩目的秦始皇陵和秦俑坑;有西起茂陵,东至阳陵,星罗棋布,漫延一百多华里的西汉十一座帝王陵墓;还有西起唐高宗乾陵,东至唐玄宗泰陵的“唐十八陵”。这些帝王陵墓,规模宏大,气势磅礴,陵墓前大都保存有碑碣、石刻以及各种动物石雕,形体庞大,造型逼真,雕刻精美,表现出我国古代文化艺术发展的高度成就。
西安城周围除帝王陵墓外,其他墓葬也很密集,其分布大致是:东郊的洪庆塬为汉唐墓葬区;白鹿塬至韩森寨一带为隋唐墓葬区;北郊自龙首塬至新筑一带为秦汉墓葬区;西郊为汉唐墓葬区;南郊的凤栖塬为汉、唐、元、明墓葬区。
As a city that 13 dynasties have made it their capital in Chinese history, Xi'an is the city with the most intensive population in China. It has a great amount of tombs remained since the neolithic,particularly the tombs of emperors and royal family members. The mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang and the Terra Cotta Warriors have won worldwide fame. The 11 emperors' mausoleums of Han Dynasty, extending from the Mao Ling Mausoleum in the west to the Yang Ling Mausoleum in the east and 18 mausoleums of Tang Dynasty (from the Qian Ling Mausoleum in the west to the Tai Ling Mausoleum in the east)display the brilliant Chinese cultural and historical development. These mausoleums are grand in scale, with stone sculptures in front of most of them. Besides, various animal stone statues were engraved vividly and delicately, which attracts people from all over the world.
Apart from these emperors' mausoleums, there are other tombs around Xi'an. These tombs are: the tombs of Han and Tang Dynasty in the east suburb; the tombs of Sui and Tang dynasties from the Bai Lu district to Han Senzai District; the tombs of Qin and Han dynasties around the area of Long Shou in the north surburb; the tombs of Han and Tang in the west surburb and the Han, Tang, Yuan, Ming around Feng Xi of the south surburb.
黄帝陵 Mausoleum of Emperor Huang
黄帝陵是中华民族始祖轩辕黄帝的陵寝,位于陕西省黄陵县城北1公里处桥山之巅,号称“天下第一陵”。黄帝陵园面积10余亩,陵冢高3.6米,陵园周长48米。桥山东麓有轩辕庙,庙内沿南北轴线依次排列有山门、诚心亭、碑亭、“人文初祖”大殿。院东碑廊内树历代古碑50余幢。庙内有古柏13株,有高18米的被誉为“世界柏树之父”的“黄帝手植柏”和群柏之奇的“汉武帝挂甲柏”,院内还有“黄帝脚印”和“夸父追日石”等景观。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The mausoleum of Emperor Huang is the tomb of the first Chinese ancestor--Emperor Huang's imperial mausoleum, locating at the top of Qiao Shan Mountain in the north of the Huang Ling county in Shaanxi Province. It is called ‘the first mausoleum in the world’. Covering an area of over 10 mu, the tomb is 3.6 meters high. In the east of the Qiao Shan Mountain lies the Xuan Yuan Temple, and inside the temple there are hill gate, sincerity pavilion, stone tablet pavilion, and ‘human ancestors palace’ ranging from the south to the north. In the east corridor of the yard stands more than 50 stone tablets of ancient periods. 13 ancient cypresses were grown in the temple, of which the 18-meter high one, which was said to be grown by emperor Huang himself, is called ‘the ancestor of cypress in the world’. Another famous one comes to the cypress with the armor from Emperor Han Wu, which is regarded as the wonder in the cypress world. There are still other sights, such as ‘Emperor Huang's footprint’ and ‘the stone of Kua Fu the lengendary chasing the sun’, etc. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
秦始皇陵 Mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang
秦始皇陵位于西安市临潼区东5公里的骊山北麓,是中国历史上第一个皇帝秦始皇赢政的陵园。陵园规模宏伟,封土高大,地下埋藏丰富。史载其动用数十万人,修建长达30余年。1974年以后,陕西省文物考古部门对其进行全面的勘查复查,先后发现和发掘了兵马俑坑、铜车马坑、马厩坑、陪葬墓和修陵人员墓地等。1987年,被联合国教科文组织列入“世界文化遗产名录”。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang is located in the north of Li Shan Mountain, which is 5 miles to Lin Tong District of Xi'an. It is the memorial park of the first emperor-Emperor Qin Shihuang in Chinese history. The memorial park is grand in scale and has rich natural resources underneath. According to the historical records, around 100,000 people were allocated to set up this park for more than 30 years. Since the year 1974, after a overall research and reinvestigation, the Shaanxi Cultural Relic Archeology Department has discovered lots of cultural relics, such as the terra cotta army, the copper horse pit, the horse stall pit, the tombs of people buried with the dead, and the tombs of the people building the mausoleum. It was listed in ‘the cultural inheritance of world record’ by UNESCO. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
西汉十一陵 Eleven Emperor Mausoleums of Western Han Dynasty
西汉11座皇帝的陵墓都坐落在长安城附近。渭河北岸、咸阳塬上是西汉皇室的主要陵区,那里自西向东依次分布着武帝茂陵、昭帝平陵、成帝延陵、平帝康陵、元帝渭陵、哀帝义陵、惠帝安陵、高祖长陵和景帝阳陵。长安城东南有文帝霸陵和宣帝杜陵。
西汉11座帝陵,除文帝霸陵“依山为陵”外,其余10座帝陵都是平地起冢,冢高如山。汉陵的高大土冢,外表上看去很像一个反扣在地上的斗,因此人们形象地比喻它为“覆斗形”。
11 emperors' mausoleums of Western Han Dynasty were all located at Chang'an city neighborhood. The northern bank of Wei River and Xian Yang plain are the main area for the mausoleums of emperors. From the west to the east, there lies Mao Ling of Emperor Wu, Ping Ling of Emperor Zhao, Yan Ling of Emperor Cheng, Kang Ling of Emperor Ping, Wei Ling of Emperor Yuan, Yi Ling of Emperor Ai, An Ling of Emperor Hui, Chang Ling of Emperor Gao and Yang Ling of Emperor Jing. In the southeast corner of Chang'an city there are also Ba Ling of Emperor Wen and Du Ling of Emperor Xuan. These 11 emperors' mausoleums, except Ba Ling, which was built by the mountain, were all set up from the ground. Being as high as the mountain, the 10 mausoleums look like a Dou with bottom up. Therefore, people compare them as ‘the shape of a bottom-filter’.
汉阳陵 Yang Ling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty
汉阳陵是汉景帝刘启及其皇后王氏同茔异穴的合葬陵园,位于今陕西省咸阳市渭城区,地跨咸阳市渭城区、泾阳县、西安市高陵县三县区。帝陵在西,高约31米,后陵在东,高约25.5米,两者相距450米,封土下是皇帝和皇后的陵寝,形制为四条墓道的亚字形大墓。封土外围放射状分布着丛葬坑,帝陵81条,后陵28条。考古资料表明,汉阳陵是迄今发现的最为完整的西汉帝王陵园。其整齐规矩的陵邑、排列有序的丛葬坑和陪葬墓园以及规模宏大的礼制建筑,在中国古代陵墓建造史上极具典型。主要遗址有南阙门遗址、三出阙遗址、罗经石遗址等。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Yang Ling is a mausoleum where Liu Qi, Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty and his empress were buried together. It is now located in the Wei Cheng District, Xian Yang city of Shaanxi province. The mausoleum extends across three counties: the Wei Cheng district, the Jing Yang County and Gao Ling County. The emperor's mausoleum lies in the west with a height of 31 meters, whereas the empress's is in the east with a height of 25.5 meters. These two are 450 meters apart from each other. Underneath living rooms for them were built with the shape of the Chinese character ‘ya’. Outside, several tomb pits were distributed for the people buried with the dead. There are 81 and 28 pits respectively for the emperor and empress. The historical records show that Yang Ling boasts to be the most intact among the emperor's mausoleums unearthed so far. These mausoleums, pits and memorial parks were arranged in good order and serve as a typical example of ancient mausoleums of Chinese history. The main sites include: the Watchtower, the three Chu Jue, and site of stone scripture of Luo. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
汉霸陵 Ba Ling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty
汉霸陵是汉文帝刘恒的陵墓,位于西安市灞桥区,是中国历史上第一个依山凿穴为地宫的帝陵。史载霸陵不起坟而以山凿掘墓室。今地面未发现陵园遗迹,在霸陵附近崖下尚存清乾隆年间陕西巡抚毕沅所立“汉文帝霸陵”石碑一通。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
Ba Ling, the mausoleum of Liu Heng (Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty), is located in the Bao Qiao District of Xi'an. It is the first emperor's mausoleum built in the mountain in the Chinese history. According to the historical records, the Ba Ling was dug in the mountain to build the mausoleum instead of setting up from the ground. So far no site of memorial parks on the ground has been discovered except a stone tablet made by Bi Yuan, an official of Shaanxi province during Qing Dynasty near the Ba Ling. Now it is the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
汉杜陵 Du Ling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty
汉杜陵是西汉宣帝刘询的陵墓,位于西安市雁塔区。陵园面积18.49万平方米,正中为封冢,形如覆斗,顶部平整,四角斜线分明。其南有清代祭祀碑石数十通,今仅存5通。陵园四周有墙,并有寝殿、便殿等遗址。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
Du Ling, the mausoleum for emperor Xuan in West Han Dynasty, lies in the Yan Ta District of Xi'an. With a total coverage of 184,900 square meters, the mausoleum looks like a bottom up Dou with the coping leveled up and clear cape lines. To its south there were over ten stone tablets for sacrifice in Qing Dynasty, although only 5 of them are remained. The memorial park is surrounded by the walls from all four sides. Also it has living palace and restrooms, etc. Now it is one of the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
汉茂陵 Mao Ling Mausoleum of Han Dynasty
汉茂陵位于西安市北约40公里处,是西汉武帝刘彻的陵墓,也是汉代帝王陵墓中规模最大、修造时间最长的一座,被称为“中国的金字塔”。陵园呈方形,封冢为覆斗形,高46.5米,东西长231米,南北长234米。茂陵的四周遍布嫔妃、宫女、功臣贵戚的陪葬墓,至今尚存封冢20多座,其中有卫青、霍光、霍去病、金日磾等人的陪葬墓。1981年在茂陵东陪葬墓中发掘出鎏金铜马、鎏金银竹节铜熏炉、提链铜暖炉等珍贵文物230余件,都是极为罕见的艺术珍品。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
Maoling, the tomb of Emperor Wudi-Liu Che of the Western Han, is located about 45 kilometers from Xi'an. This is the mausoleum with biggest scale and longest duration of all tombs in Han Dynasty, and is also called ‘the Pyramid of China’. His tomb is in a tapered shape. The memorial park is 46.5 meters high and with a length of 231 meters from the east to the west and 234 meters from the south to the north. The tomb became a focus and over 20 satellite tombs of officials and nobles were established around it, including officials like Wei Qing, Huo Guang, Huo Qubing, Jin Midi, etc. More than 230 precious art collections like Gilded bronze horse, Gold and silver gilded bronze incense burner were excavated in 1981. Now it is one of the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
唐十八陵 Eighteen Mausoleums of Tang Dynasty
唐代帝陵陵区在长安城北部的北山山脉南麓,由西向东依次分布有高宗李治和女皇武则天的乾陵、僖宗李儇的靖陵、肃宗李亨的建陵、太宗李世民的昭陵、宣宗李忱的贞陵、德宗李适的崇陵、敬宗李湛的庄陵、武宗李炎的端陵、高祖李渊的献陵、懿宗李漼的简陵、代宗李豫的元陵、文宗李昂的章陵、中宗李显的定陵、顺宗李诵的丰陵、睿宗李旦的桥陵、宪宗李纯的景陵、穆宗李恒的光陵和玄宗李隆基的泰陵,它们被称为“唐十八陵”。唐十八陵东西150公里,以长安为基点,分别连接西北的乾陵和东北的泰陵,形成了一个102°的扇面形。唐代帝陵是唐朝皇帝生前活动的一面镜子,可折射出唐代长安的历史。
The tomb area for emperors of Tang lies in the south of the North Mountain of Chang'an suburb. The mausoleum of the Emperor Gao, Li Zhi, and empress Wu Zetian; Jing Ling Tomb of the emperor of Xi, Li Huan;Jian Ling Tomb of the empeor of Su, Li Heng; Zhao Ling of Emperor Tai, Li Shiming; Zhen Ling of emperor Xuan, Li Chen; Chong Ling of Emperor De, Li Shi; Zhuang Ling of emperor Jing, Li Zhan; Duan Ling of emperor Wu, Li Yan; Xian Ling of emperor Gao, Li Yuan; Jian Ling of emperor Yi, Li Cui; Yuan Ling of emperor Dai, Li Yu; Zhang Ling of emperor Wen, Li Ang; Ding Ling of Emperor Zhong, Li Xian; Feng Ling of emperor Sun, Li Yong; Qiao Ling of emperor Rui, Li Dan; Jing Ling of emperor Xian, Li Chun, Guang Ling of emperor Mu, Li Heng; and Tai Ling of Emperor Xuan, Li Longji were distributed from the west toward the east. These are called as ‘the eighteen tombs of Tang Dynasty’. With a total length of 150 miles from the west to the east,the 18 tombs shaped like a 102° sector connecting the Qian Ling in the northwest and Tai Ling in the northeast. The emperors' mausoleums of Tang Dynasty serves as a mirror of emperors' livings before their death, they reflect the history of Chang'an city during the Tang period as well.
唐昭陵 Zhao Ling Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty
唐昭陵是唐朝第二代皇帝李世民的陵墓,是陕西关中“唐十八陵”中规模最大的一座,位于礼泉县城东北20多公里处。陵园周长60多公里,总面积2万余公顷,陪葬墓180余座,被誉为“天下名陵”和世界最大的皇家陵园。昭陵陵园建设持续107年之久,地上地下遗存了大量的文物,石刻、书法、雕刻、绘画作品极为丰富,陪葬墓出土的大量彩绘釉陶俑,亦为全国罕见。昭陵依九嵕山峰,凿山建陵,开创了唐代封建帝王依山为陵制度的先例。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
The Zhao Ling Tomb is the mausoleum of the second emperor of Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, which is the largest among the 18 tombs of Tang. Lying to the 20 kms northeast to Li Quan county, it has a perimeter of over 60km with a coverage of more than 20,000 hectare. With over 180 satellite tombs around, it is regarded as one of the most famous mausoleums in the world and the largest emperor mausoleum all over the world. The Zhao Ling memorial park was built for as long as 107 years, with lots of cultural relics left on and under the ground, including: the sculpture carvings, calligraphies, carvings, the paintings. The colored enamel terra cotta statues are also rare and in precious across the country. The Zhao Ling Tomb was built in the cave of Jiu Zong Mountain, which was unprecedented in the Tang period. Other emperors followed its example ever since that. Now it is one of the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
唐乾陵 Qian Ling Mausoleum of Tang Dynasty
乾陵是唐高宗李治与中国历史上唯一的女皇帝武则天的合葬之墓,座落在西安市西北80公里乾县的梁山上。陵园周围约40公里,园内建筑仿唐长安城格局营建,宫城、皇城、外廓城井然有序,现存主要遗址有:献殿、下宫、青龙门阙台、白虎门阙台、玄武门阙台、朱雀门阙台、乳峰双阙、鹊台等,并有华表、翼马、驼鸟、无字碑、述圣记碑、石狮、六十一蕃臣像等大型石雕刻120多件。陵园东南隅分布有陪葬墓17座,永泰公主墓、章怀太子墓和懿德太子墓已对外开放。现为全国重点文物保护单位。
Qianling is the joint tomb of Gao Zong (Li Zhi, 628--638A. D. ), the third emperor of the Tang Dynasty and his Empress Con- sort, Wu Zetian (624--705 A. D. ). The tomb lies on Liangshan Hill,to the north of Qianxian County, and about 80km from Xi'an, with a perimeter of 40 miles. The buildings imitating the Tang style, the royal cities and outsiders are well arranged. There were many other splendid building remained, such as the dedicatory hall, the lower palace, the Phoenix Gate ,the Tortoise Gate ,the Blue Dragon Gate, the White Tiger Gate, the Xuanwu Gate, Scarlet Bird Gate two‘Nipple Hills’, the Magpie Platform, etc. Also, there are over 120 huge stone statues like the ornamental, the winged horses, a Monument to the Holy Deeds of Emperor, a Wordless Monument, the stone lions and also 61 stone people statues, representing the heads of the Chinese ethnic nationalities. 17 satellite tombs were built on the southeast corner of memorial park, they are: the tomb of Princess Yong Tai, the tomb of price Zhang Huai and the memorial palace of prince Yi De.Now these mausoleums are open to the tourists. Now it is one of the key national cultural relics' preservation institutions.
华夏文明故都 丝绸之路起点/西安市文物局编著.-西安: 世界图书出版西安公司, 2005;陕西